代谢组学研究

代谢组学是针对细胞、生物体液、组织或生物体中的代谢物、小分子底物、代谢中间体和产物进行的全面研究。这些独特的化学指纹是由细胞过程遗留下来的。代谢组学研究对生物学系统以及疾病、营养、治疗或遗传修饰对生物体的影响进行了生物化学层面的概括。
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代谢组学应用
代谢组学应用广泛,通过鉴别疾病生物标志物及评估个性化医疗的毒性,对药物研究作出了重大贡献。在功能基因组学整合过程中,这一学科通过研究基因组、转录组、蛋白质组和代谢组之间的相互作用,在预测基因功能方面发挥着关键作用。微生物挖掘可从菌株优化代谢组学研究结果中获益,而植物代谢组学 则可通过植物代谢物研究推进农业生物技术。环境研究领域亦可利用代谢组学测试污染物影响并优化生物燃料生产,营养研究领域则可利用代谢组学评估营养水平、确保食品安全。
理解代谢物和代谢组学
代谢物在生物学系统中的相互作用被称为代谢组,它是生物体或生物学样品中的整套代谢产物。代谢物是分子量通常小于1.5 KDa的低分子量化合物,是生物合成/分解代谢途径的中间体或产物。相关实例包括通常在脂质组学研究中分别研究的氨基酸、核苷酸、碳水化合物和脂质。初级代谢物是内源性的,并直接参与正常的生长、发育和繁殖。而次级代谢物是外源性的,并不参与到这些过程,但具有重要的生态功能。
代谢组学途径和分析技术
代谢组学途径是通过利用代谢物、酶、分离工具以及代谢物分析和标记进行研究的。两种最常见的代谢分析技术是靶向和非靶向代谢组学分析。靶向分析定量分析已知的特定代谢物,而非靶向分析则分析已知和未知代谢物的整体代谢概况。代谢指纹分析是一种快速的全局分析,无意专门识别每种代谢物。
代谢组学工作流程和分析方法
代谢组学工作流程涉及整合了样品制备、标准化、校准、分离方法、代谢物检测和数据分析的综合方法。常见样品类型包括血浆、尿液、唾液、组织和细胞。为此需要气相色谱(GC)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)或毛细管电泳(CE)等分离方法与质谱(MS)等检测方法配合使用。代谢物检测常用分析技术包括质谱、核磁共振(NMR)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱和拉曼光谱。代谢组学数据分析需要先进的工具和软件,以确保严格的化合物鉴定和定量以及准确的数据解读。
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