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Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Food chemistry (2015-03-15)

Faiyaz Shakeel, Nazrul Haq, Nasir A Siddiqui

ABSTRACT

The solubility of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents namely water, ethanol, ethylene glycol (EG), ethyl acetate (EA), isopropanol (IPA), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), Transcutol, butanol-1 and butanol-2 was measured and correlated at T=(298-318)K. The resulting experimental data were correlated with the modified Apelblat and Van't Hoff models. Both the models showed good correlation of experimental solubility data with calculated ones with root mean square deviations in the range of (0.08-1.55)%. The mole fraction solubility of vanillin was observed highest in PEG-400 (4.29 × 10(-1) at 298 K) followed by Transcutol, EA, butanol-2, ethanol, EG, PG, IPA, butanol-1 and water from T=(298-318)K. The results of thermodynamic function in terms of dissolution enthalpy, Gibbs energy and dissolution entropy showed endothermic, spontaneous and entropy-driven dissolution of vanillin in all environmentally benign solvents.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich

Ultrapure Acetonitrile

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethanol

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, ≥99.9% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 190 proof, meets USP testing specifications

USP

Residual Solvent Class 2 - Acetonitrile, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 190 proof, ACS spectrophotometric grade, 95.0%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, ≥99.5% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

1,2-Propanediol, tested according to Ph. Eur.

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Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure 200 proof

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof, meets USP testing specifications

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Acetonitrile, suitable for DNA synthesis, ≥99.9% (GC)

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Acetonitrile, suitable for HPLC-GC, ≥99.8% (GC)

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Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

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Ethanol, ACS reagent, prima fine spirit, without additive, F15 o¹

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Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof, anhydrous, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethanol, tested according to Ph. Eur.

Supelco

Ethanol, standard for GC

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Ethanol, BioUltra, ≥99.8%, (absolute alcohol, without additive, A15 o¹)

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Butyl alcohol, natural, ≥99.5%, FCC, FG

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Acetonitrile, biotech. grade, ≥99.93%

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Acetonitrile, anhydrous, 99.8%

Supelco

Acetonitrile, analytical standard

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Acetonitrile, suitable for HPLC, gradient grade, ≥99.9%

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Acetonitrile, ReagentPlus^®, 99%

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Acetonitrile, HPLC Plus, ≥99.9%

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Acetonitrile, suitable for HPLC, gradient grade, ≥99.9%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

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Acetonitrile, electronic grade, 99.999% trace metals basis

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1,2-Propanediol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, ≥99.5% (GC)