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Merck

Phase I Drug Metabolism

Robert Gates

MilliporeSigma, St. Louis

Phase I biotransformation reactions introduce or expose functional groups on the drug with the goal of increasing the polarity of the compound. Although Phase I drug metabolism occurs in most tissues, the primary and first pass site of metabolism occurs during hepatic circulation. Additional metabolism occurs in gastrointestinal epithelial, renal, skin, and lung tissues. Within cells, most phase I enzymes are located in the endoplasmic reticulum and thus are enriched in microsomal preparations.

Phase I reactions are broadly grouped into three categories: oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis. As most small molecule drugs are lipophilic in nature, drug metabolism converts these hydrophobic compounds into more water soluble compounds that can be excreted. Typically, oxidation is the most common phase I reaction. The hepatic cytochrome P450 system is the most important of the phase I oxidation systems (Figure 1).

hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450

Figure 1.Our hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes are membrane-bound oxygenases containing a thiolate heme near the active site. Electron donation for the oxidatve mechanism is supplied from a coupled NAD(P)H reductase and cytochrome b5 system. Until recently, the difficulty of isolating and reconstituting native enzymes from human tissue has hampered their use for studies with well-defined in vitro drug metabolism systems. For this reason, multienzyme microsomal preparations are often utilized for the elucidation of the oxidate fate of drugs and other xenobiotics. Our recombinant microsomal preparations have the advantage of a single cytochrome P450 isozyme activity.

Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

The cytochrome P450s are members of a superfamily of monoxygenases that catalyze the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, the initial step in the biotransformation and elimination of a wide variety of drugs and environmental pollutants. P450s are located primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum of liver tissue.

Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

Cerosomes: P450 Microsomes Expressed in Yeast

Use of a eukaryotic, yeast host allows efficient expression of the active isozyme with more accurate post-translational modification. Cerosomes are prepared from Saccharomyces cervisiae expressing the human cytochrome P450 isozyme and human NADPH reductase and cytochrome b5 in some preparations.

The eukaryotic system provides an isozyme system with the following advantages:

  • Recombinant isozyme mimics the active, native human enzyme
  • Higher specific activity and better signalto- noise ratio (Figure 2)
  • Consistent and reproducible results
The fluorescent emission vs. time yields activity per mg protein

Figure 2.Specific activity determined by a fluorescent product generated from an enzyme-specific non-fluorescent substrate after incubation with cytochrome P450.The fluorescent emission vs. time yields activity per mg protein.

The Cerosomes cytochrome P450 isozymes are supplied in a solution containing 50 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.4, 5% glycerol, 1 mM EDTA, and 1 mM PMSF.

Cytochrome Reductase and Cytochrome b5

The oxidative mechanism of the cytochrome P450 system requires an electron transport system of proteins to support catalysis. Cytochrome P450 (NADP) reductase is coexpressed with all of our recombinant cytochrome P450 preparations. Cytochrome b5 is also coexpressed with some preparations.

Cytochrome P450 reductase catalyzes the reduction of hemethiolate-dependent monooxygenases such as EC 1.14.14.1 (unspecified xenobiotic monooxygenases2) and is part of the microsomal hydroxylating system. This reductase is a flavoprotein containing FMN and FAD. It also reduces cytochrome b5 and cytochrome c.

Cytochrome b5 is a 15 kDa membranebound flavoprotein capable on enhancing the redox potential of the P450 oxidative system.

Selected Cytochrome P450 Substrates

Selected Antibodies to Phase I Enzymes

Product NumberProduct NameProduct DescriptionPricing
SAB2500052Anti-AKAP9/AKAP450/CG-NAP antibody produced in goataffinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous solution
SAB2500110Anti-Aromatase/CYP19A1 antibody produced in goataffinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous solution
HPA016436Anti-CYP11A1 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution
SAB2500285Anti-CYP17A1 antibody produced in goataffinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous solution
AV41405Anti-CYP1A1 (AB3) antibody produced in rabbitaffinity isolated antibody
HPA022261Anti-CYP24A1 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution
WH0001591M7Monoclonal Anti-CYP24A1 antibody produced in mouseclone 1F8, purified immunoglobulin, buffered aqueous solution
C6498Anti-CYP26A1 (481-495) antibody produced in rabbitIgG fraction of antiserum, buffered aqueous solution
HPA012567Anti-CYP26B1 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution
HPA015066Anti-CYP2C9 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution
HPA013547Anti-CYP2C8 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution
AV41675Anti-CYP2D6 antibody produced in rabbitIgG fraction of antiserum
HPA009128Anti-CYP2E1 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution
WH0001573M1Monoclonal Anti-CYP2J2 antibody produced in mouseclone 2D10, purified immunoglobulin, buffered aqueous solution
SAB1400064Anti-CYP3A4 antibody produced in mouseIgG fraction of antiserum, buffered aqueous solution
SAB1400065Anti-CYP3A4 antibody produced in rabbitIgG fraction of antiserum, buffered aqueous solution
HPA014048Anti-CYP4F2 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution
HPA017761Anti-CYP7B1 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution
HPA023680Anti-FMO1 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution

Materials

Product NumberProduct NameProduct DescriptionPricing
SAB2500052Anti-AKAP9/AKAP450/CG-NAP antibody produced in goataffinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous solution
SAB2500110Anti-Aromatase/CYP19A1 antibody produced in goataffinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous solution
HPA016436Anti-CYP11A1 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution
SAB2500285Anti-CYP17A1 antibody produced in goataffinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous solution
AV41405Anti-CYP1A1 (AB3) antibody produced in rabbitaffinity isolated antibody
HPA022261Anti-CYP24A1 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution
WH0001591M7Monoclonal Anti-CYP24A1 antibody produced in mouseclone 1F8, purified immunoglobulin, buffered aqueous solution
C6498Anti-CYP26A1 (481-495) antibody produced in rabbitIgG fraction of antiserum, buffered aqueous solution
HPA012567Anti-CYP26B1 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution
HPA013547Anti-CYP2C8 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution
HPA015066Anti-CYP2C9 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution
AV41675Anti-CYP2D6 antibody produced in rabbitIgG fraction of antiserum
HPA009128Anti-CYP2E1 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution
WH0001573M1Monoclonal Anti-CYP2J2 antibody produced in mouseclone 2D10, purified immunoglobulin, buffered aqueous solution
SAB1400064Anti-CYP3A4 antibody produced in mouseIgG fraction of antiserum, buffered aqueous solution
SAB1400065Anti-CYP3A4 antibody produced in rabbitIgG fraction of antiserum, buffered aqueous solution
HPA014048Anti-CYP4F2 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution
HPA017761Anti-CYP7B1 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution
D1306Debrisoquine sulfate
HPA023680Anti-FMO1 antibody produced in rabbitPrestige Antibodies® Powered by Atlas Antibodies, affinity isolated antibody, buffered aqueous glycerol solution
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